The Ethernet Essay -- essays research papers

Bob Metcalfe of the Xerox Corporation developed the first experimental Ethernet system in late 1972. The goal of the Ethernet was to interconnect the Xerox Alto Aloha Network. The experimental Ethernet was used to link Altos workstations, servers, and laser printers. Data transmission of the Ethernet was 2.94 Mbps. In 1973, Metcalfe changed the name to "Ethernet," to make it clear that the system could support any computer, and not just Altos, and to point out that his new network mechanisms had evolved well beyond the Aloha system. He chose to base the name on the word "ether" as a way of describing an essential feature of the system. The physical medium (cable) carries bits to all stations, much the same way that the old "luminiferous ether" was once thought to propagate electromagnetic waves through space. The Ethernet is a LAN (Local Area Network) technology that uses a shared bus topology, and Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection access. It consists of a single, long cable, named the bus, to which computers, or sometimes referred to as workstations, are attached. Ethernet signals are transmitted serially, one bit at a time, over the bus and are received by every attached station. Data in the Ethernet is transmitted in the form of a frame, or packet. The frame consists of a set of bits organized into several fields. These fields include address fields, a variable size data field that carries from 46 to 1,500 bytes of data, and an error checking field that checks the integrity of the bits in the frame to make sure that the frame has arrived intact. The first two fields in the frame carry 48-bit addresses, called the destination and source addresses. The Destination Address contains the physical address of the station to which the frame is being sent. Any signal sent across the shared network reaches all attached workstations. However, communication doesn’t usually involve all workstations. To allow direct communication between stations the addressing scheme is used. Each workstation is assigned a unique numeric value, called a physical address or media access control address (MAC address). Although sharing allows all workstations to receive a copy of a frame, the hardware of each workstation checks the address of each incoming frame to determine whether it should accept the frame. The Source Address contains... ... its simplest form, only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub functions as the "root" of a tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approach supports future expandability of the network much better than a bus (limited in the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates) or a star (limited by the number of hub ports) alone. In a mesh topology each computer is connected to every other computer by separate cabling. This allows for superior redundancy and reliability, as well as ease of troubleshooting. This type of topology is expensive and difficult to install because of the amount of cabling required. The original Ethernet operated at 10 Mbps, a later version Fast Ethernet operates at 100 Mbps and the newest version Gigabit Ethernet operates at 1 Gbps. The Ethernet is the most popular physical layer LAN technology in use today. It is popular because it strikes a good balance between speed, cost and ease of installation. These benefits combined with wide acceptance in the computer marketplace and the ability to support virtually all-popular network protocols, make the Ethernet an ideal networking technology for most computer users today.

Non-Hodgins Lymphoma with Case Study Example

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphocytes the white blood cells. The lymphocytes and lymph system are essential in our body’s immune protection. It is an abnormal growth rate of these cells. Since lymph is found throughout the body it is easily spread from one area to another. In 2008 there were over 66,000 new cases and just over 19,000 deaths from it (cancer. gov). It is categorized as slow growing or fast growing, as well as if it starts in the T-cells or the B-cells. Lymphomas from B cells are most common in the United States. The lymphoma can develop in any of the lymph tissues, and discovery of which kind of lymphoma determines the treatment options (cancer. org). Causes Although there are no definite causes to Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma there have cases where it has been linked to persons with another ailment. Autoimmune diseases like RA and SLE have been linked to NHL. Exposures to chemicals such as benzene and treatments in chemotherapy have been seen in trends to cause NHL. People who are immunocompromised like HIV patients and those that are on immunosuppressant from transplants are also at risk for Lymphomas. Also, people having excessive exposure to large amounts of radiation, like cancer treatments have an increased risk of developing this lymphoma. NHL is mostly seen in the older community so age is also a risk factor. Also chronic diseases may increase the chances of getting a lymphoma due to the increased risk of mutations from constantly producing new lymph cells. Some patients can be born with a disease that can lead to NHL due to a defect in their DNA. It is not likely that they can pass on the NHL to their offspring if they don’t have the underlying disease. Most often it develops independently. Discovery Lumps in the skin and lymph nodes can be discovered by the patient, their partner or doctor. Where the lump is located can also give extra symptoms. For instance, if it is found near the skin there would be a swelling in the surrounding tissue. If it’s in the abdomen it can cause severe pain and possible digestive problems. If the lymphoma is on the skin t can cause an itchy patch. If it is in the chest cavity it can cause trouble breathing. Case Study: Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Shannon Z is an active 58 yr old female. In her early twenties she had undergone chemotherapy and radiation for her treatment of breast cancer. When she noticed the lump in her neck she immediately went to see her doctor. The doctor ordered some blood tests and a biopsy of the lump. Her doctor wasn’t very concerned because fighting an infection can also cause enlarged nodes in the neck. She ordered the tests anyway because of the patient’s medical history. Along with the lump, she experienced drenching night sweats which are another symptom of NHL but she thought it was a side effect of menopause. Other signs to look for would be persistent fevers and a sudden loss of weight, usually 10 % body weight or more. An incisional biopsy is a surgical technique used to obtain a sample of the node for observation. This was used because the enlarged node was close to the skin surface. There are other biopsies available. Fine needle biopsies can also be used but often don’t provide enough sample to determine if its lymphoma or not but does not require surgery. Lumbar punctures look for lymphoma in the CNS. Bone marrow aspiration looks for the cancer inside the bone and bone marrow by removing pieces of the bone and/or marrow. Laboratory tests All samples must be diagnosed be a trained pathologist with experience in lymphomas. The most important test would be those differentiating if the patient has a cancer, then T cell lymphoma from the B cell lymphoma. If a concrete diagnosis can’t be made from looking at the cells then other methods must be used. Methods like Immunocytochemistry involve using fluorescent tags on the surface of the cells can differentiate the different lymphomas from each other and non cancerous diseases. Flow cytometry uses antibody tagging and laser beams to cause the cells to emit light if they have the antigen. This is important because different NHL’s have specific antigens. Discovery of the type of NHL helps determine the treatment route. Blood tests cannot determine a lymphoma but they do show significance of the rate of growth of the lymphoma. CT scans and MRIs provide the doctors with images of the size of the actual lymph nodes and how many growths there are through the body. Prognosis There are two staging systems for NHL. The most common is the Ann Arbor system. It uses 1-4 to stage the severity of the disease. Stage 1 has lymphoma in one area in the lymph system and one outside the system (organ). A lymphoma is considered stage 2 if it is found exclusively in 2 areas above or 2 areas below the diaphragm and organs in close proximity to lymph. Stage 3 occurs when it is found on both sides of the diaphragm and other organs near lymph. Stage 4 is when lymphoma reaches the bone marrow, CSF, or an organ not next to a lymph source. This system is used in conjunction with the International Prognosis Index. The IPI uses the age of the patient, stage of the cancer, patient everyday performance status, location of the tumors, and levels of LDH (increases as the lymphoma spreads) Good Prognostic FactorsPoor Prognostic Factors Age 60 or belowAge above 60 Stage I or IIStage III or IV No lymphoma outside of lymph nodes, or lymphoma in only 1 area outside of lymph nodesLymphoma present in more than 1 organ of the body outside of lymph nodes PS: Able to function normallyPS: Needs a lot of help with daily activities Serum LDH is normalSerum LDH is elevated (Chart provided from www. cancer. org) Treatment Chemotherapy is often used in conjunction with radiation for low levels, or with medications like Rituxan or Zavalin. Rituxan is an antibody that targets the cancerous cells. Zavalin is an antibody with a radioactive component. The antibody attaches itself and the radioactive isotope destroys the cell. These drugs are used for the more persistent lymphomas because chemo and radiation have been proven very effective against the lymphoma. Stem cell transplantation is also another option. Once diagnosed, patients are requested to have frequent physicals and blood tests to track the growth of the cancer. Resources http://www. oncologychannel. com/nonhodgkins/diagnosis. shtml http://www. cancer. org http://www. cancer. com http://www. mayoclinic. org

Critical Thinking Exercises for Students

Critical thinking is a skill that students develop gradually as they progress in school. While the skill becomes more important in higher grades, some students find it difficult to understand the concept of critical thinking. The reason critical thinking can be difficult to grasp is because it requires students to set aside assumptions and beliefs to learn to think without bias or judgment. Critical thinking involves suspending your beliefs to explore and question topics from a blank page point of view. It also involves the ability to distinguish fact from opinion when exploring a topic. These exercises are designed to help develop critical thinking skills. Critical Thinking Exercise 1: Tour Guide for an Alien This exercise provides an opportunity to think outside your normal way of thinking. Pretend that you have been assigned the task of conducting a tour for aliens who are visiting the earth and observing human life. Youre riding along in a blimp, viewing the landscape below, and you float over a professional baseball stadium. One of the aliens looks down and is very confused by what he sees. You explain that there is a game going on and he asks several important questions. What is a game?  Why are there no female players?Why do people get so excited about watching other people play games?What is a team?Why cant the people in the seats go down on the field and join in? If you try to answer these questions fully, it will quickly become apparent that we carry around certain assumptions and values. We support a certain team, for instance, because it makes us feel like were a part of a community. This sense of community is a value that matters to some people more than others. Furthermore, when trying to explain team sports to an alien, you have to explain the value we place on winning and losing. When you think like an alien tour guide, you are forced to take a deeper look at the things we do and things we value. Sometimes they dont sound logical from the outside looking in. Critical Thinking Exercise 2: Fact or Opinion Do you think you know the difference between fact and opinion? Its not always easy to discern. When you visit websites, do you believe everything you read? The abundance of available information makes it more important than ever for students to develop critical thinking skills. Additionally, its an important reminder that you must use trustworthy sources in your school work. If you dont learn the difference between fact and opinion, you may end up reading and watching things that continue to reinforce beliefs and assumptions you already own. For this exercise, read each statement and try to determine whether it sounds like a fact or an opinion. This can be completed alone or with a study partner. My mom is the best mom on earth.My dad is taller than your dad.My telephone number is difficult to memorize.The deepest part of the ocean is 35,813 feet deep.Dogs make better pets than turtles.Smoking is bad for your health.Eighty-five percent of all cases of lung cancer in the U.S. are caused by smoking.If you flatten and stretch out a Slinky toy it will be 87 feet long.Slinky toys are fun.One out of every one hundred American citizens is color blind.Two out of ten American citizens are boring. You will probably find some of the statements easy to judge but other statements difficult. If you can effectively debate the truthfulness of a statement with your partner, then its most likely an opinion.

The Causes Of Addiction In Pop Culture And The Media

In American society, pop culture and the media hold heavy influences over citizens and the government. We have a mixture of cultures in America, but one thing has been prevalent for decades. Alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs have always had a prodigious place in American society. We promote the consumption of these substances in commercials, songs, movies, etc. We as a people are responsible for the power that these substances have. Despite this, we ridicule those who consume them. Of course, there is a line where consumption becomes addiction, but society is still in some way responsible for driving someone to addiction. Liquor, drugs, and cigarettes are glorified and despised in America and they also have a heavy influence over many†¦show more content†¦This means that viewers can easily be entranced by all the artistic and romantic elements that are presented to them. Liquor and drugs are glorified in numerous popular songs and those numbers will only continue to grow. The t arget audience is typically a younger age group because this demographic is dominantly motivated by popular trends. With continuous exposure to these videos, there is a higher chance that people will be influenced to increase their amount of alcohol consumption. Society undermines these ads just as it undermines the promotion of various medicines on the market. Unaware of the dangers caused by pharmaceutical drugs, consumers are encouraged to purchase medications that are capitalistically endorsed. Pharmaceutical businesses and the government suggest that there are minor flaws with prescription drugs, but ultimately, they are safe to use. Although the marketing and promotional techniques for pharmaceuticals are completely different when compared to illegal substances, they are still extremely similar to one another. Several pharmaceuticals are just as addicting as any illegal drug and they are just as profitable as well. The social obligation and influence to increase the use of drugs or alcohol are overwhelming factors in most individuals. Overall, drug and alcohol addiction causes an impact on social systems and structure. Social impactsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Celebrities On Mental And Physical Health Of Our Youth1441 Words   |  6 PagesWhen you turn on the TV or go to the movies, you see TV and movie stars, but you may not always be thinking about the impacting effects that celebrities have on your personal health. The message to viewers so consistently seen in the various forms of media conveys that celebrities are above the law and should be imitated and as much as possible is harmful to our youth and the public in general. The message comes across not only in movies and TV shows but also in TV commercials, ads in your favorite magazinesRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1358 Words   |  6 PagesIt is clear that in the modern world, social media plays a pivotal role in communication amongst humanity. Social media serves a variety of purposes ranging from personal settings like keeping in touch with friends through Facebook and Twitter, as well as business environments through the use of LinkedIn. It has been proven in many scientific studies that among human’s basic needs is the nec essity for a social connection with other human beings. 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Child Labor Is The Lack Of Intergenerational Human Capital...

Introduction Developed countries have a conception that child labor is highly exploitative and is driven by long hours in deplorable conditions in sweat shops, prostitution rings, and rebel armies. While this perception has been very effective at raising awareness and action on the issue of child labor, it is quite misleading as only a small percentage of wage labor is of such an exploitative nature. It is imperative to take a more nuanced view of child labor and accept that it is not inherently bad as the current stigmatized view of the issue would suggest. I will argue that while there are necessary, and at times, good utilizations of child labor, high rates of this phenomenon tend to be ultimately detrimental to the child, household,†¦show more content†¦Then, I will discuss how the informal sector is intimately tied to child labor and presents unique obstacles for creating effective change. Lastly, I will take up considerations in the policy process revolving around child labor and u ltimately offer policy initiatives that would be effective at limiting rates of child labor. Child Labor as a Crucial Development Issue It is undeniable that some children work in circumstances that are highly exploitative and detrimental to their well-being. Most economists, policymakers, and even laypersons throughout much of world will agree that swift policy is necessary to minimize the suffering of these children. Although there are moral considerations in the most deplorable of these scenarios, many instances of child labor fall outside the purview of this narrow conception. A large portion of child labor is characterized by children working limited hours in conditions dictated by parents or other family members. Although these circumstances are not universally better, it seems reasonable to expect that parents would protect their children to some extent—especially considering maximizing rates of return on their investments to the child. Child labor, thus, must be considered not as undoubtedly negative, but as a morally neutral necessity in some developing countries. Nonetheless, we must consider that th ere is indeed a toll that is not just physical but also psychological for these children; even at the

Communication Issues for Aboriginal Patients

Question: Discuss about the Communication Issues for Aboriginal Patients. Answer: Introduction: Health care is a basic human need, required a large number of times in the lifetime of an average human being. Every single human being i this world has a right to quality health care and assistance for as many number if times as they might need (Frolic and Drolet 2012). And it has to be considered that health care has advanced exponentially in the last couple of decades and has now become as patient friendly as it can get (Billings and Halstead 2015). However there still are different issues be it ethical, personal or communicational in the health care that poses different challenges in the path of delivering quality care (Jonsen, Siegler and Winslade 2015). This report will address the issues that arise in a health care scenario when dealing with the aboriginal population taking the example of a case study. In the case scenario opted for this assignment a 55 year old male dealing with lung cancer was admitted to the health care facility after dealing with a fall that rendered him helpless and unconscious. The patient is dealing with immense pain and is in need for serious analgesic administration however when he was being administered morphine for his pain a controversy arose with the power of attorney in between his daughter and his son. Late4r on the patient declined morphine administration and demanded to be healed by the traditional healer of aboriginal community. Throughout the communication with the health care team and Tom and his family there were many communicational and dialect issues as well. The very first communicational issues that arose with caring for Tom, was the misconception and chaos with the power of the patient. On a more elaborative note, the patient as being administered morphine to minimize the pain he was going through. However there are distinct side effects associated with the medication. In this situation, Carina came to the hospital demanding to have the medical power of attorney for her father and demanded for the morphine administration to be stopped and be replaced with something better than morphine and with lesser side effects. However, Jimmy, son to the patient Tom, declared Carina to be lying and informed the nursing attendant for his mother Cec to have the medical attorney for the patient under consideration. In order to evaluate this legal issue it is important to elaborate more about the concept of medical power of attorney. A medical power of attorney can be defined as the legal document that allows any trusted person to the patient regardless of blood ties to make the important treatment related decisions on the behalf of the patient (Kodish et al., 2013). A person needs to be at least 18 years of age in order to attain the medical power of attorney and that person will be entitled to take all the important decisions related to the treatment options and health condition of the patient. The Australian legislations gives the agent the full power to take adequate decisions for the patient and their decisions will have to be followed (Kodish et al., 2013). In this case scenario the major controversial issue is the fact that both Carina and his wife Cec, claimed to be the agent for the power o attorney for Tom. It can prove to be a very difficult situation where there is obvious conflict in the patient family. Moreover Jimmy explained to the caring nurse for Tom that his father did an advanced care paper that can override the authorization of the medical power of attorney but he was not very sure about it either. Such discrepancies in the patient family guardianship can prove to be a highly difficult situation for the patient (Munn-Giddings and Winter 2013). The second issue that is highlighted in this scenario is the communicational gap between the nursing attendant and the patient and his family. From the video it was very clear that the patient was not very comfortable while communicating with the nursing attendant Sarah and their first round of interaction was not very successful when the patient stopped communicating with Sarah in between the conversation. Studies suggest that the majority of the aboriginals are uncomfortable around the health care facilities that are staffed with non-aboriginal population. The dialect problem is the major reason behind the communicational problem in the aboriginal population and that interferes with communicational comfort of the patient remarkably (Meltzer et al., 2014). Lastly the patient wanted to be healed by a traditional healer of the aboriginal communities rather than medical staff of the health care facility. His son also consented by saying that any treatment pattern selected for Tom has to be run through by their traditional healer uncle Joe. Such delicate conflicts can seriously affect the health and well being of the patient as the dilemma can delay and interfere with the treatment procedure that the patient is in need for (Mauly, Varcoe and Storch 2012). The Australian health policies do not acknowledge the aboriginal healing traditions so incorporating a traditional healer in the heath care team of a facility can serve to be a legal conflict for this case scenario (Vertrees, Shuman and Fins 2013). There are requirements to establish goals and actions for attaining better care and resolve the issues the case scenarios have presented. The first goal is to ensure that the patient is comfortable and confident to share his grievances to the nurse. An aboriginal patient can find it difficult to mingle with the health care facilities. Actions should include the assistance of aboriginal communitys liaison officer to reassure the patient and let him relax. The nursing professional should work on building a mutually respectable trusted relationship to ensure that the patient is able to approach the nursing professional without any apprehension. There are internal ethico-legal conflicts in the case scenario that needs to be resolved, the conflict that arose with the power of attorney could delay the treatment and administration of analgesia that can help relieve the pain. The issue with power of attorney should be resolved immediately with the legal team of the health care facility in th e presence of the family members, the registered nursing attendant and the aboriginal community liason officer (Vertrees, Shuman and Fins 2013). During the course of the case scenario the patient along with his family refused administration of morphine due to some preconceived notions about the medication. All of them were adamant that morphine will make the patient too drowsy to properly function and would miss his opportunity to be present for his yarn. The next goal should focus on educating the patient and his family about the benefits of low dosage morphine as an analgesia. In order to do that, the patient should be educated about the low dosage morphine administration and the advantages of this medication route with the help of the aboriginal liaison officer to ensure that he and his family understand the benefits associated with this medication and can shed the veil of superstitions (Wilcoxon, Remley Jr and Gladding 2013). The patients at most times are unaware of the pharmacological properties of the medication they are prescribed on and have misleading concepts about the efficacy or risks associated with them, hence, patient education helps to annul those misconceptions in the patents and allow them to be aware of their treatment procedure. The help of the aboriginal liaison officer should also be taken to ensure that he and his family understand the benefits associated with this medication and can shed the veil of superstitions (Wilcoxon, Remley Jr and Gladding 2013). Aboriginal communities are characterized for the traditional belives they exercise in evry aspect of their lives; in health care as well their mental assurance is linked with traditional healing methods. The final goal for this case scenario should be incorporating the traditional healer should into the treatment planning procedure in a manner that does not violate the Australian regulations and the hospital policies, for instance, telephonically (Yoder-Wise 2014) On a concluding note, it can be said that there can be a number of different ethical and legal issues that may arise in a health care setting that can potentially harm the health and wellbeing of the patent by delaying the treatment procedures that can help the patient. In a multicultural country like Australia, the issues can be even more complex and critical with different cultures and dialects and lifestyles mingling together. The society is still not attained a state where every single individual is treated as an equal regardless of their socio-economic status. This discrimination imparts a profound negative impact on the health care industry dealing with ethnic communities as well. However it has to be considered that are a number of barriers, be it dialect, perception, communicational apprehension or the difference in culture and lifestyles, these barriers make it difficult to practice inclusive societal patterns. Although establishing equality in health care in the least has become essential in the current scenario. And it can be stated that with correct strategized actions addressing different barriers with specific approaches can help resolve the issues and can help in achieving the ultimate goal of delivering optimal care to the patients. References: Billings, D.M. and Halstead, J.A., 2015.Teaching in nursing: A guide for faculty. Elsevier Health Scie Cherry, B. and Jacob, S.R., 2016.Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Frolic, A.N. and Drolet, K., 2012. Ethics policy review: a case study in quality improvement.Journal of medical ethics, pp.medethics-2011. Jonsen, A.R., Siegler, M. and Winslade, W.J., 2015.Clinical Ethics: A Practical Approach to Ethical Decisions in Clinical Medicine, 8E. McGraw Hill Professional. Kodish, E., Fins, J.J., Braddock, C., Cohn, F., Dubler, N.N., Danis, M., Derse, A.R., Pearlman, R.A., Smith, M., Tarzian, A. and Youngner, S., 2013. Quality attestation for clinical ethics consultants: A two?step model from the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities.Hastings Center Report,43(5), pp.26-36. Munn-Giddings, C. and Winter, R., 2013.A handbook for action research in health and social care. Routledge. Meltzer, E.C., Ivascu, N.S., Acres, C.A., Stark, M., Kirkpatrick, J.N., Paul, S., Sedrakyan, A. and Fins, J.J., 2014. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adults: A brief review and ethical considerations for nonspecialist health providers and hospitalists.Journal of hospital medicine,9(12), pp.808-813. Pauly, B.M., Varcoe, C. and Storch, J., 2012, March. Framing the issues: moral distress in health care. InHec Forum(Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 1-11). Springer Netherlands. Tapper, E.B., 2013. Consults for conflict: the history of ethics consultation.Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center),26(4), p.417. Vertrees, S.M., Shuman, A.G. and Fins, J.J., 2013. Learning by doing: effectively incorporating ethics education into residency training.Journal of general internal medicine,28(4), pp.578-582. Wilcoxon, A., Remley Jr, T.P. and Gladding, S.T., 2013.Ethical, legal, and professional issues in the practice of marriage and family therapy. Pearson Higher Ed. Yoder-Wise, P.S., 2014.Leading and managing in nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Nuclear Arms Essay Example For Students

Nuclear Arms Essay On August 6, 1945, Hiroshima was devastated by a most cruel and terrible new bomb, as described by Emperor Hirohito, one of the Axis leaders during World War II. Since then, nuclear weapons have become a major threat to humanity as more and more missiles, bombs, and other weapons are created by different countries. Today, many nations, including the United States and Russia, are working together to disarm their stockpile of nuclear weapons. Germany first started developing a fission bomb in 1939. Albert Einstein, along with other scientists, realized this and wrote to President Roosevelt regarding the threat to the Allies. Shortly after, the United States began serious efforts to produce an atomic bomb, later known as the ?Manhattan Project. When the Manhattan Project first started, its first objective was to provide a source of Uranium 235, a highly fissionable material. Unfortunately, this compound was very rare, with only one atom of U-235 to every five hundred of Uranium 238, which was virtually worthless in creating nuclear weapons at the time. Since the the two isotopes were almost exactly the same, a chemical method of extraction could not be used. A large plant was built in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, that had the sole purpose of separating the different forms of uranium. Using a process of magnetic separation devised by H. C. Urey, Ernest Lawrence successfully solved this major problem. Six years, and two billion dollars, were spent by some of the greatest minds in the world to create the first weapon of mass destruction. Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the team of scientists detonated the new bomb on July 16, 1945. Although successful, the general reaction was far from ecstatic. Many people on the project signed a petition to never use such a device. I am become death, said one person, the destroyer of worlds. Shortly after Hiroshima was attacked, Nagasaki fell victim to this terrible weapon. Emperor Hirohita, fearing continued destruction, surrendered immediately. World War II was finally over, but the ?Atomic Age had just begun. In August, 1949, the Soviet Union detonated its first nuclear bomb. As a result, the US and the USSR began a race to compile an arsenal of the most powerful weapons as possible. This led to the development of the hydrogen bomb, a much more devastating version of the atom bomb. An H-bomb uses both nuclear fission and fusion to create a huge explosion. First, an uncontrolled fission reaction takes place, which creates extreme temperature and pressure. This massive force activates a fusion reaction, creating a very destructive blast at least five times the power of an atomic bomb. After years of weapons research and construction, US president Ronald Reagan announces plans for the Strategic Defense Initiative, a satellite based system which would, theoretically, destroy all missiles in space before they reached America. When the Soviet Union heard this, they began a mad race to catch up. However, the country went broke trying to catch up to a project that didnt exist, exhausting their resources immensely, and eventually causing a chain reaction that ended communism in most European countries. In 1986 Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and United States President Ronald Reagan began the long process of disarmament, intending to greatly lessen the threat of nuclear holocaust. Many treaties have been signed to eliminate several classes of weapons, including intermediate-range, short-range, and long-range missiles. To this day, countries around the world are disarming and decontaminating missiles, and continuing the effort to conserve peace, although the path ahead is long, and certainly fraught with complications. Third-world countries are just now gaining access to nuclear technology, and some of these nations are constantly at war, home to terrorist factions, and other things that could be disastrous if nuclear technology was implemented by them. .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e , .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e .postImageUrl , .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e , .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e:hover , .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e:visited , .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e:active { border:0!important; } .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e:active , .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u50d9d4188dc17009fdf0b6e120de9e6e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Wendy Lugo EssayScience Essays